1. Mesopotamia (3500 BCE):
- Sumerian Civilization: Ancient Mesopotamia in modern-day Iraq. Known for its advanced Sumerian culture, cuneiform writing, and city-states like Ur and Uruk.
2. Ancient Egypt (3100 BCE):
- Egyptian Civilization: Along the Nile River in modern-day Egypt. Renowned for its hieroglyphic writing, monumental pyramids, and pharaohs like Tutankhamun.
3. Indus Valley Civilization (2500 BCE):
- Harappan Civilization: Flourished in the basin of Indus River in modern-day Pakistan and India. Known for its urban planning and advanced drainage systems.
4. Ancient China (2000 BCE):
- Shang Dynasty: One of the earliest Chinese civilizations, centered in the Yellow River region. Notable for its sophisticated bronze metallurgy.
5. Minoan Civilization (2700 BCE):
- Minoan Culture: Developed on the island of Crete in the Mediterranean. Known for its palaces like Knossos, elaborate frescoes, and trading networks.
6. Ancient Rome (753 BCE):
- Roman Empire: Originating in the Italian Peninsula, Rome grew into a vast empire. Famed for its architecture, engineering feats, and law code.
7. Olmec Civilization (1200 BCE):
- Pre-Columbian Civilization in Mesoamerica, particularly in the Gulf Coast region of Mexico. Known for colossal stone heads and ceremonial centers.
8. Maya Civilization (2000 BCE):
- Mesoamerican Civilization that thrived in Central America. Famous for its hieroglyphic writing, advanced mathematics, and cities like Tikal and Chichen Itza.
9. Aztec Civilization (1300 CE):
- Last great Mesoamerican Civilization in Central Mexico. Known for their impressive capital Tenochtitlan, rich mythology, and agricultural innovations.
10. Inca Civilization (1400 CE):
- Pre-Columbian Civilization in South America, stretching over modern-day Peru, Ecuador, and Chile. Remarkable for their massive stone structures, intricate textiles, and efficient governance.