1. Scientific Discoveries:
- Isaac Newton's theories on gravity and optics transformed physics.
- Antoine Lavoisier's work on combustion laid the foundation for modern chemistry.
- Carolus Linnaeus developed a system for classifying plants and animals.
2. Inventions:
- Thomas Savery and Thomas Newcomen invented early steam engines.
- John Harrison created a marine chronometer for accurate navigation.
- Benjamin Franklin conducted pioneering experiments with electricity, including his kite experiment.
3. Artistic Movements:
- Art movements such as Rococo and Neoclassicism influenced painting, sculpture, and architecture.
- Composers like Mozart and Bach created masterpieces of classical music.
- Literature saw the rise of realism, satire, and the novel genre.
4. Enlightenment Ideas:
- The Age of Enlightenment emphasized reason, individualism, and progress.
- Thinkers like Voltaire, Rousseau, and Locke shaped philosophical and political ideas.
- The American and French Revolutions were inspired by Enlightenment principles.
5. Expeditions and Exploration:
- Explorers such as James Cook, Louis-Antoine de Bougainville, and Samuel Hearne ventured into uncharted territories.
- Scientific expeditions aimed to study and document natural history, geography, and cultures around the world.
6. Medical Advances:
- Edward Jenner developed the world's first vaccine, for smallpox.
- Scottish physician James Lind conducted experiments to identify the benefits of citrus fruits in preventing scurvy.
7. Fashion Trends:
- Women's fashions featured luxurious fabrics like silk and satin, wide pannier skirts, and elaborate headpieces.
- Men wore three-piece suits, frock coats, and elaborate hairstyles, often powdered and curled.
8. Social Gatherings:
- Salons, gathering places for intellectual and artistic exchange, were popular in major cities.
- Coffeehouses and teahouses served as meeting points for social interactions.
9. Scientific Societies:
- Organizations such as the Royal Society and the Académie des Sciences promoted scientific research and knowledge exchange.
10. Grand Tours:
- Wealthy young men undertook long journeys across Europe to experience art, culture, and history.