During the Roman Republic, the government was divided into three main branches: the executive, the legislative, and the judicial. The executive branch was headed by two consuls, who were elected annually by the Roman Senate. The consuls had the power to command the army, make laws, and veto the actions of the Senate.
The legislative branch was made up of the Roman Senate, which was composed of former magistrates and wealthy citizens. The Senate had the power to pass laws, approve treaties, and declare war.
The judicial branch was made up of the Roman courts, which were presided over by judges who were appointed by the consuls. The courts had the power to hear cases and impose punishments.
In addition to these three branches of government, there were also several other important political institutions in the Roman Republic, such as the Roman assemblies, which were composed of all Roman citizens and had the power to vote on laws and elect magistrates.
Overall, the Roman Republic was a complex and sophisticated system of government that ensured that power was shared among different groups and institutions. This system allowed Rome to grow from a small city-state into a vast and powerful empire.