2. Ethical focus: Judaism placed great importance on ethical behavior and social justice. The Torah outlined a comprehensive set of laws, known as the Mosaic Law, which encompassed moral, ethical, and civil regulations for individuals and society. This emphasis on ethics and social consciousness distinguished Judaism from other religions.
3. Covenant (brit): Judaism revolves around the concept of a covenant (brit) between God and the Jewish people. This covenant involved obligations and responsibilities for both parties. By following God's commandments and maintaining a relationship with Him, the Jewish people were promised blessings and prosperity.
4. Written scriptures (the Bible): Judaism has a central sacred text known as the Tanakh, also referred to as the Hebrew Bible. The Tanakh consists of the Torah (the first five books), the Prophets, and the Writings. This collection of authoritative religious texts, as opposed to oral traditions prevalent in other religions, solidified Judaism's religious practices and beliefs.
5. Rituals and observances: Judaism places a strong emphasis on rituals, observances, and festivals that play a vital role in connecting the Jewish people to their faith and maintaining a sense of collective identity. These practices include Shabbat, dietary laws (kashrut), prayer (tefilah), and festivals like Passover and Rosh Hashanah.
6. Exclusive identity: Judaism maintained a strong sense of exclusive identity, which was reinforced through specific dietary practices and traditions. This sense of distinctiveness and separateness from other religious groups contributed to the unique character of Judaism.