The term "Dark Ages" was coined by Petrarch in the 14th century, who considered the period to have been a cultural decline compared to the classical age of Greece and Rome. This notion was further popularised by historians during the Renaissance, who viewed the Middle Ages as a time of "barbarism" and lack of intellectual progress.
However, this view of the Middle Ages has been largely revised by modern historiography, which recognises the period as one of great cultural, intellectual and technological achievements. Here are some key characteristics and achievements of the Middle Ages:
1. Feudalism: Feudalism was the dominant political and social system during the Middle Ages. It involved a hierarchical structure, where vassals pledged loyalty and military support to their lords in exchange for land and protection.
2. The Crusades: The Crusades were a series of religious wars between Christians and Muslims for control of the Holy Land. They led to increased trade and cultural exchange between Europe and the Middle East, as well as the development of new technologies and ideas.
3. Gothic Architecture: Gothic architecture is one of the most distinctive artistic achievements of the Middle Ages. It is characterised by pointed arches, ribbed vaults and stained glass windows, and was used in the construction of many cathedrals and churches throughout Europe.
4. The Renaissance of the 12th Century: This period marked a revival of intellectual activity in Europe, characterised by the rediscovery of classical texts and the rise of universities. This led to advancements in philosophy, science, literature, and art.
5. Medieval Literature: The Middle Ages saw the development of epic poetry, courtly literature and religious drama. Notable literary works include the works of Geoffrey Chaucer, Dante Alighieri and Thomas Aquinas.
6. Scholasticism: Scholasticism was a philosophical movement that sought to reconcile faith and reason. It was particularly influential in theology and philosophy during the High Middle Ages.
7. Technological Innovations: The Middle Ages witnessed significant technological advancements, such as the development of the printing press, the astrolabe, and the mechanical clock. These innovations had a profound impact on society and helped to shape the modern world.
Overall, the Middle Ages was a period of great historical significance and saw numerous significant cultural, intellectual, and technological achievements that laid the foundation for the Renaissance and the modern world.