- Frequent military conflicts: Mesopotamia was often embroiled in conflicts with its neighbors, including the Sumerians, Akkadians, Assyrians, and Babylonians. These conflicts resulted in widespread destruction and loss of life.
- Natural disasters: Mesopotamia was also prone to natural disasters, including floods, droughts, and earthquakes. These disasters caused widespread damage and displacement, and they could lead to famine and disease.
- Poor sanitation: Sanitation conditions were inadequate, and this contributed to the spread of diseases such as cholera, dysentery, and typhoid.
- Harsh weather: The climate of Mesopotamia was extreme, with hot, dry summers and cold, wet winters. This made it difficult to grow crops, and it could also be a health risk.
- Slavery and harsh labor conditions: Slavery was widespread in Mesopotamia, and slaves were often subjected to harsh and dangerous working conditions.
- Taxation: The rulers of Mesopotamia imposed heavy taxes on their subjects, and this could be a significant burden for ordinary people.
- Religious oppression: The religious leaders of Mesopotamia had a great deal of power, and they could use this power to oppress those who disagreed with them.