Secondly, the Greeks employed superior military tactics, such as the phalanx formation, which allowed their hoplite soldiers to form a dense, disciplined formation that could withstand the Persian cavalry and infantry charges. The Greeks also made effective use of terrain, choosing advantageous battlegrounds that favored their defensive strategies.
Thirdly, the Greek city-states received support from other Greek cities that remained independent, such as Argos and Megara. These cities provided reinforcements and supplies, bolstering the Greek forces' strength.
Furthermore, the Persians faced logistical challenges, as their massive army required significant supplies and resources, which became increasingly difficult to maintain as they advanced into Greece. The Greek forces, on the other hand, had shorter supply lines and benefited from local support.
Additionally, the Greeks were highly motivated to defend their homeland and their way of life, while the Persian army consisted of a diverse group of soldiers from various conquered regions, resulting in lower morale and limited loyalty to the Persian cause.
In summary, the Greeks were able to overcome the overwhelming numerical advantage of the Persians through exceptional leadership, military tactics, unity, and strong motivation, ultimately achieving victory against a formidable foe.