A primary source from ancient Mesopotamia is any type of document or artifact that was written or created during that time period and provides firsthand information about the topic being studied. These sources can include written records, such as cuneiform tablets, legal documents, and historical inscriptions, as well as archaeological artifacts, such as pottery, tools, weapons, and building remains. Primary sources are considered to be the most reliable and valuable type of evidence for historical research, as they provide a direct link to the past and offer researchers an opportunity to gain insights into the thoughts, actions, and experiences of the people who lived in ancient Mesopotamia.