- Promoted state religion (Roman-Greco) but allowed freedom to practice other religions
- Supported traditional Roman religion and the worship of the Roman gods
- Pontifex Maximus (Chief Priest) of Roman religion
- Instituted the worship of the imperial cult (deification of emperors)
2. Tiberius (14 AD - 37 AD)
- Continuation of state religion and imperial cult
- Suppressed certain Eastern cults seen as subversive to Roman morality
3. Caligula (37 AD - 41 AD)
- Extravagant and controversial emperor
- Promoted self-worship and demanded to be worshipped as a god
- Claimed to be a living reincarnation of the gods
4. Claudius (41 AD - 54 AD)
- Revived the traditional Roman religion and priestly functions
- Restored temples and promoted religious ceremonies
5. Nero (54 AD - 68 AD)
- Initially supported traditional religion but later became interested in Eastern cults
- Patron of the Eleusinian Mysteries and promoted Greek deities
- Associated himself with the cult of Sol Invictus (the Sun God)
6. Galba (68 AD - 69 AD)
- Reintroduced the traditional Roman religion and suppressed Christianity
7. Otho (69 AD)
- Brief reign, no significant religious policies
8. Vitellius (69 AD)
- Promoted traditional Roman religion and restored certain priesthoods
9. Vespasian (69 AD - 79 AD)
- Restored the Capitoline Temple and promoted traditional Roman religion
- Pontifex Maximus and revived certain religious practices
10. Titus (79 AD - 81 AD)
- Continuation of traditional Roman religion and state worship
11. Domitian (81 AD - 96 AD)
- Enforced state religion and demanded divine honors
- Pontifex Maximus and emphasized the imperial cult
- Persecuted Christians and other non-Roman religions
12. Nerva (96 AD - 98 AD)
- Relaxed persecution of Christians and other religions
13. Trajan (98 AD - 117 AD)
- Promoted traditional Roman religion and persecuted non-Roman religions, including Christianity
14. Hadrian (117 AD - 138 AD)
- Patron of various religious traditions, including Roman, Greek, and Egyptian cults
- Traveled widely and promoted religious syncretism
15. Antoninus Pius (138 AD - 161 AD)
- Continuation of Hadrian's policies; peaceful coexistence of different religions
16. Marcus Aurelius (161 AD - 180 AD)
- Stoic philosopher and emperor; emphasized inner virtue and tolerance of different religions
17. Commodus (180 AD - 192 AD)
- Patron of the cults of Hercules, Mithras, and Egyptian deities
- Claimed to be the reincarnation of Hercules
18. Septimius Severus (193 AD - 211 AD)
- Promoted syncretism and incorporated foreign deities into Roman religion
19. Caracalla (211 AD - 217 AD)
- Supported traditional Roman religion but also promoted the cult of the Syrian god El-Gabal
20. Elagabalus (218 AD - 222 AD)
- Syro-Phoenician emperor who brought the cult of El-Gabal to Rome
- Controversial and eventually assassinated for his religious policies
21. Severus Alexander (222 AD - 235 AD)
- Tolerant emperor who respected various religions
- His mother, Julia Mamaea, was a follower of Christianity and philosophy
22. Maximinus Thrax (235 AD - 238 AD)
- Persecuted Christians and reestablished traditional Roman religion
23. Gordian I and II (238 AD)
- Reverted to traditional Roman religion and promoted the imperial cult
24. Balbinus and Pupienus (238 AD)
- Joint rule, brief reign, no significant religious policies
25. Gordian III (238 AD - 244 AD)
- Returned to traditional Roman religion and opposed Christianity