- The Akkadian Empire (2334–2154 BCE)
- The Third Dynasty of Ur (2112–2004 BCE)
- The Old Assyrian Empire (1975–1750 BCE)
- The First Babylonian Empire (1894–1595 BCE)
- The Middle Assyrian Empire (1365–1076 BCE)
- The Hittite Empire (1600–1178 BCE)
- The Kassite Dynasty (1595–1155 BCE)
- The Neo-Assyrian Empire (911–612 BCE)
- The Neo-Babylonian Empire (626–539 BCE)
- The Achaemenid Empire (559–331 BCE)
- The Seleucid Empire (312–63 BCE)
- The Roman Empire (27 BCE–395 CE)
- The Sassanid Empire (224–651 CE)
- The Arab Caliphate (632–750 CE)
- The Umayyad Caliphate (661–750 CE)
- The Abbasid Caliphate (750–1258 CE)
- The Ilkhanate (1256–1335 CE)
- The Timurid Empire (1370–1507 CE)
- The Ottoman Empire (1299–1922 CE)