1. Transportation: Horses were the primary mode of transportation for both people and goods over long distances. They were used for both personal travel and official government business, and were essential for maintaining communication and trade networks across the vast Chinese empire.
2. Warfare: Horses played a crucial role in ancient Chinese warfare, particularly during the Warring States period (475-221 BCE) and beyond. Cavalry units were highly valued for their mobility, speed, and shock value in battle. The development of advanced horse-riding techniques and the breeding of specialized warhorses greatly influenced the outcome of military campaigns.
3. Agriculture: Horses were commonly used for pulling agricultural implements, such as plows and harrows, in order to cultivate fields and prepare them for planting. Their strength and endurance made them well-suited for this demanding task, and their use significantly increased agricultural productivity.
In addition to these practical uses, horses also held cultural and symbolic significance in ancient China. They were often associated with power, wealth, and prestige, and were frequently depicted in art, literature, and mythology. Horses were also used for ceremonial purposes, such as in royal processions and religious rituals.