Battles:
• The Social War (91–88 BCE) between the Roman Republic and its Italian allies, which resulted in the extension of Roman citizenship to most Italian cities.
• The First Mithridatic War (89–85 BCE) against Mithridates VI of Pontus in Asia Minor, which marked the beginning of Rome's involvement in the region and led to the expansion of Roman territory.
• The Jugurthine War (109–105 BCE) involving the Roman general Marius and Jugurtha, king of Numidia.
• The campaigns of Gaius Marius against the rebellious Germanic tribes in Gaul, as well as against slave revolts in Sicily.
Political Developments:
• Rise of the populares faction, led by Marius, which sought social reforms and greater involvement of the Roman people in politics and government.
• Power struggle between Marius and Lucius Cornelius Sulla, a leading figure in the optimates faction.
• Adoption of the Cornelian Laws in 81 BCE, which reformed the Roman legal system and introduced significant changes to electoral laws.
Economic Transformations:
• Growth in trade, commerce, and industry, resulting in increasing urbanization and the emergence of a wealthy merchant and upper class.
Expansion of Roman Territory:
• Roman control expanded in areas such as Gaul, Hispania (the Iberian Peninsula), and Dacia (in present-day Romania), strengthening the empire's influence and borders.
• The end of the Numidian Kingdom in North Africa and the establishment of Roman provinces.