Ancient Egyptian Calendar:
The ancient Egyptians used a lunar-solar calendar, which combined elements of both lunar and solar calendars. The calendar was based on the observation of celestial events, such as the phases of the moon and the movements of the sun.
Thoth and the Calendar:
1. Creator of the Calendar: According to Egyptian mythology, Thoth was believed to have created the calendar. It was said that he divided the year into twelve months, each consisting of 30 days, with an additional five intercalary days added to complete a total of 365 days.
2. Adjustment of Leap Years: Thoth was credited with recognizing the need for leap years to account for the difference between the solar year (365.25 days) and the lunar year (354 days). He introduced a system of adding an extra day every four years, thus creating the leap year concept.
3. Deities Associated with the Calendar: Each day in the Egyptian calendar was associated with a specific deity or figure from their pantheon. Thoth was closely connected with the calendar, and it was believed that he determined the fate and destiny of individuals based on their birthdates.
4. Festivals and Celebrations: Thoth was honored during various festivals and ceremonies connected to the calendar. One of the most important festivals was the New Year's Day celebration (Weret Shemu) on the first day of the first month. Thoth was believed to be present during these celebrations, ensuring the smooth transition of the old year into the new.
Throughout Egyptian history, Thoth's role as the creator and overseer of the calendar held significant importance. His association with wisdom and knowledge made him the patron deity of scholars, scribes, and academics, further solidifying his place as a central figure in Egyptian religious beliefs and cultural practices.