Encomenderos, the Spanish landowners who held encomiendas, had the right to demand tribute and labor from the indigenous people living on their land. Indians were forced to work long hours in fields, mines, and other industries, often under harsh and dangerous conditions. They were paid little or nothing for their labor and were often subjected to physical abuse and humiliation.
In addition to the physical hardships, Indians living in encomiendas were also subjected to cultural and religious oppression. They were forced to convert to Christianity and abandon their traditional beliefs and practices. Missionaries often used coercion and violence to suppress indigenous religions and languages.
The encomienda system was a major source of wealth for the Spanish colonists, but it came at a great cost to the indigenous population. The harsh conditions and forced labor led to a sharp decline in the indigenous population, and many communities were decimated by disease, starvation, and violence.
The encomienda system was eventually abolished in the 18th century, but its legacy continues to shape the lives of indigenous people in Latin America today. The exploitation and oppression experienced by indigenous people during the encomienda period has left a lasting impact on their communities, and the struggle for social justice and cultural recognition continues to this day.