1. Political Leadership: The shogun was the supreme political authority in Japan. They had the power to appoint and dismiss government officials, make laws, and determine policies that affected the entire nation.
2. Military Control: As the head of the shogunate, the shogun was the commander-in-chief of the samurai armies. They were responsible for maintaining peace and order within the country and defending Japan against external threats.
3. Land Distribution: The shogun controlled the distribution of land among the daimyo (feudal lords) and their samurai retainers. This allowed the shogun to maintain a balance of power among different factions and ensure their loyalty.
4. Foreign Relations: The shogun was responsible for conducting foreign relations with other countries and regulating trade. They often implemented isolationist policies, restricting contact with the outside world.
5. Administration of Justice: The shogun had the authority to adjudicate legal disputes and mete out punishments. They established a system of courts and legal codes to ensure fair and consistent justice for the samurai and commoners.
6. Cultural Influence: The shogun played a crucial role in shaping and patronizing traditional Japanese culture. They encouraged the development of various art forms, including Noh drama, tea ceremony, and flower arrangement.
7. Economic Policies: The shogun introduced economic measures to stimulate trade and industry and maintain prosperity within the country. They established a monetary system, reformed taxes, and promoted domestic production.
8. Regulation of Society: The shogun was responsible for maintaining social order and enforcing adherence to the strict hierarchical structure of society. They implemented sumptuary laws to regulate the lifestyles of different classes and prevent social unrest.
9. Religious Control: The shogun had a say in religious matters, particularly the relationship between the government and Buddhist institutions. They ensured that religious practices aligned with the political interests of the shogunate.
Overall, the responsibilities of the shogun during the Tokugawa period encompassed a wide range of political, military, economic, cultural, and social domains, highlighting their central role in shaping Japan's fate during this era.