Weapons:
1. Longbow: The English longbow was a formidable weapon that proved decisive at Crécy. It had a range of up to 300 yards and could penetrate armor at a distance. English archers were highly skilled and disciplined, capable of firing arrows rapidly and accurately.
2. Quarterstaff: The quarterstaff was a long, wooden pole used by English foot soldiers. It was effective in close combat against French cavalry and could also be used to dismount knights from their horses.
3. Pikes: Pikes were long spears used by English infantry. They were particularly effective against cavalry charges, as they could be formed into a dense formation that was difficult to penetrate.
4. Swords and Axes: English soldiers also used swords and axes as secondary weapons. Swords were used for close combat, while axes were useful for breaking through armor or cutting through wooden defenses.
Tactics:
1. Defensive Formation: The English army adopted a defensive formation at Crécy, with the archers positioned in front, supported by dismounted knights and men-at-arms. The archers could rain arrows down on the advancing French forces, while the infantry and knights provided support and protection.
2. Flanking Maneuvers: The English also used flanking maneuvers during the battle. A contingent of English cavalry and archers under the command of Edward, the Black Prince, charged against the flank of the French forces, causing confusion and disrupting their attack.
3. Terrain Advantage: The English positioned themselves on a gentle slope, which gave them an advantage in archery. The French, on the other hand, were forced to attack uphill, making them more vulnerable to the English arrows.
4. Control of the Battlefield: The English maintained control of the battlefield throughout the engagement. Their disciplined formations and effective use of archery prevented the French from launching a decisive attack, ultimately leading to an English victory.
The combination of these weapons and tactics, along with strong leadership and discipline, gave the English army a significant advantage at the Battle of Crécy.