Jerusalem today, with the Old City in the foreground. • ISTOCKPHOTO At the end of the Xth century, what the Muslims had called al-Quds (the Holy) fell into the hands of the Fatimids of Egypt, who established a Shiite caliphate there. Caliph al-Hakim came to power in 996 and exercised it with fa
The War in Syria began in 2011, within the context of the Arab Spring when there was a series of protests against the government of Bashar al-Assad (1965). The war took a heavy toll on an estimated civilian population of more than 24 million people in the first five years and is not over yet. Reaso
One hundred and sixty thousand soldiers who later increased to three million, five thousand ships, one thousand two hundred planes... The numbers of Operation Overlord and its complementary Operation Neptune , names of what is more popularly known as D-Day , the famous landing in Normandy, are overw
General climate of “detente” in the Cold War after the Cuban crisis. Establishment on June 20, 1963 of the “red telephone” aimed at facilitating dialogue between the USSR and the United States. The Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) was signed in 1968. Leonid Brezhnev succeeded Nikita Khrushchev