Drafted by US Secretary of State George Marshall in 1947, the Marshall Plan was an economic and financial aid program aimed at contributing to the reconstruction of Europe, devastated by the Second World War. It is as much the fear of seeing a Europe ruined by the war stop supplying itself with Amer
Self-portrait by Louise Élisabeth Vigée Le Brun. 1790. Uffizi Museum, Florence • WIKIMEDIA COMMONS In 1790, in Florence, the great artist of the 18th century Élisabeth Vigée-Lebrun (1755-1842) made her self-portrait on the road to exile she faced during the French Revolution. Now kept in the Uf
1805 was a year of triumph for French arms. And yet the French triumph could have been nullified by the opening of a new front, in southern Italy, as Old Albion, Britain, as another Athens, could with her wooden walls strike the French Empire in the soft, Mediterranean of, hypogastric. So while e
In military history there are often cases of armies that, harassed during their retreats, end up being decimated or even exterminated completely. The cases of the British who left Kabul or the Grand Armée returning from Russia are famous. But there is one little-known one that is somewhat surprising