The Treaty of Utrecht (1713-1715) were actually two agreements that ended the War of the Spanish Succession and changed the map of Europe and the Americas. In the first Treaty, in 1713, Great Britain recognized the Frenchman Felipe de Anjou as King of Spain. For its part, Spain ceded Menorca and Gi
The Risala by Ibn Fadlan It is not very prodigal in fantastic stories and not at all prone to supernatural explanations of what is observed. What the Muslim sage is describing in this passage are the northern lights that he observed on his trip to Russia, on the banks of the Volga, in the middle of
Latin American caudillismo was a largely authoritarian way of doing politics that emerged after the wars for independence in Latin America. By Me. Cláudio FernandesAs in the so-called Republic of Oligarchs (1894-1930), in Brazil, there was the figure of the “colonel”, that is, the local political
As early as June 20, Darlan had sent to all ship and port commanders encrypted instructions which contained this passage:“Whatever orders received, never abandon an intact vessel to the enemy. Four days later, after the signing of the armistice, he confirmed these orders, adding to them that of prep