The Crusades (1095-1291):
- a series of religious wars between Christians and Muslims for control of the Holy Land.
The Mongol Empire (1206-1368):
- the largest contiguous land empire in history.
The Black Death (1347-1351):
- a bubonic plague pandemic that killed an estimated 75-200 million people in Eurasia.
The Fall of Constantinople (1453):
- the end of the Byzantine Empire and the beginning of the Ottoman Empire.
The Hundred Years' War (1337-1453):
- a series of conflicts between England and France for control of the French throne.
The Renaissance (14th-17th centuries):
- a period of cultural, intellectual, and artistic flourishing in Europe.
The Protestant Reformation (1517):
- a religious movement that led to the split of Western Christianity into Protestantism and Catholicism.
The Scientific Revolution (16th-17th centuries):
- a period of great advances in science and technology.
The Age of Exploration (15th-17th centuries):
- a period of European exploration of the world, leading to the discovery of the Americas and other new lands.
The French Revolution (1789-1799):
- a social, political, and cultural upheaval that transformed the political landscape of Europe and led to the establishment of the First French Republic.