2. Secularization: The decline of religious authority and the rise of secularism during the Enlightenment led historians to focus on human agency and natural causes rather than divine intervention in explaining historical events.
3. Progress and development: The Enlightenment idea of progress led historians to view the past as a process of gradual development and improvement. They rejected the cyclical view of history that had been prevalent in previous eras.
4. Universal history: The Enlightenment's cosmopolitan outlook encouraged historians to write universal histories that encompassed the entire world rather than focusing on particular nations or regions.
5. Comparative history: The Enlightenment's emphasis on comparing different societies and cultures led to the development of comparative history, which involved analyzing the similarities and differences between different historical contexts.
6. Political history: The Enlightenment's focus on politics and government led to an increase in the writing of political history, which examined the evolution of political institutions and ideologies.
7. Social history: The Enlightenment's interest in society and social change inspired historians to write social histories that examined the lives of ordinary people, such as the working class and the peasantry.
8. Economic history: The Enlightenment's focus on economic development and commerce encouraged historians to write economic histories that analyzed the growth and transformation of economies.
9. Cultural history: Influenced by the Enlightenment's emphasis on human culture, historians also began to write cultural histories that explored the development of literature, art, music, and other cultural forms.
These influences fundamentally transformed the way history was written, making it more objective, critical, and comprehensive, and laid the foundation for modern historiography.