1. Legal Status: Unfree peasants were not legally free individuals. They were bound to the land owned by a lord or noble and were considered their property. Free peasants, on the other hand, were not subject to such servitude and possessed basic legal rights and freedoms.
2. Freedom of Movement: Unfree peasants were tied to the land and could not leave it without the permission of their lord. Their movement was restricted, and they were obligated to remain on the lord's estate and perform various labor services. Free peasants had the freedom to travel, relocate, and seek better opportunities elsewhere.
3. Land Ownership: Unfree peasants did not own the land they worked on. The land belonged to the lord, and unfree peasants had to pay rent or perform labor services in exchange for its use. Free peasants, however, could own their own land or rent it from landowning lords or monasteries.
4. Labor Obligations: Unfree peasants were required to perform labor services for their lord. These services varied but often included working on the lord's fields, tending to livestock, repairing estate buildings, and other manual tasks. Free peasants were not subject to such mandatory labor obligations and could work their own land or for wages.
5. Taxes and Dues: Unfree peasants were obligated to pay various taxes, dues, and fees to their lord. These charges could include a portion of their harvest, a fee for using the lord's mill or oven, and additional payments for specific privileges or services. Free peasants might also pay taxes to the state or local authorities, but they were not burdened with onerous obligations to a lord.
6. Social Status: Unfree peasants occupied a lower social status compared to free peasants and other social classes. They often faced social discrimination and lacked the rights and privileges enjoyed by free individuals. Free peasants had a higher social standing, greater personal autonomy, and more opportunities for economic advancement.
7. Rights and Autonomy: Unfree peasants had limited rights and autonomy compared to free peasants. They lacked the right to choose their profession, engage in trade, or participate in governance. Decisions affecting their lives were made by their lord, who held considerable power over them. Free peasants, on the other hand, had greater freedoms and could make decisions regarding their livelihoods and families.
These differences were prevalent in the feudal societies of Europe and persisted in varying forms until the gradual decline of serfdom and the rise of more egalitarian social structures.