1. Town Planning and Architecture:
- The Indus Valley cities were meticulously planned, with well-organized layouts, streets, drainage systems, and standardized construction practices.
- Structures such as the Great Bath at Mohenjo-daro and the granary complexes demonstrated a high level of urban planning and engineering skills.
2. Irrigation Systems:
- The Harappans constructed sophisticated irrigation networks, including canals and reservoirs, to facilitate agriculture.
- The remains of hydraulic engineering works highlight their expertise in harnessing water resources for agricultural purposes.
3. Standardized Weights and Measures:
- The Harappan Civilization used a standardized system of weights and measures, suggesting a well-developed economic structure.
- The use of calibrated weights and measures ensured accuracy in trade and transactions.
4. Writing System (Indus Script):
- The Harappans developed their own unique writing system, known as the Indus Script.
- Although the Indus Script has not been fully deciphered, it reveals the presence of a sophisticated system of communication and record-keeping.
5. Centralized Governance:
- The Harappan Civilization is believed to have been governed by a centralized administrative system, with a ruling elite.
- This centralized authority likely managed trade, water distribution, and other critical aspects of societal life.
6. Maritime Trade and Commerce:
- The Indus Valley Civilization engaged in extensive trade, including overseas maritime trade.
- The presence of Harappan artifacts in distant lands indicates their trading activities across regions.
7. Religious Practices:
- Elaborate religious rituals and practices were central to the Indus Valley Civilization.
- Archaeological findings suggest the worship of deities, including the Pashupati Seal and the Mother Goddess.
8. Craftsmanship and Manufacturing:
- The Harappans possessed remarkable craftsmanship skills in various fields, such as pottery, metallurgy, and bead-making.
- The standardization of products, including pottery designs, suggests organized manufacturing practices.
These complex institutions serve as evidence of the remarkable achievements and organizational prowess of the Indus Valley Civilization. These ancient institutions provide valuable insights into the well-structured and sophisticated society that flourished in the region thousands of years ago.