1. Battle of Pharsalus (48 BC): Cleopatra's lover, Julius Caesar, fought against Pompey in this decisive battle of the Roman civil war. Cleopatra provided financial and military support to Caesar.
2. Battle of Philippi (42 BC): After Caesar's assassination, Cleopatra allied with Mark Antony and Octavian (later known as Augustus) to defeat the assassins Brutus and Cassius. Cleopatra's forces did not participate directly in this battle.
3. Battle of Actium (31 BC): The final and most significant naval battle between Octavian and Mark Antony, along with Cleopatra's forces. Octavian's navy, led by Agrippa, defeated the fleets of Antony and Cleopatra, leading to the fall of Egypt and Cleopatra's death.