1. Emphasis on Human Agency and Potential: Humanism placed a strong emphasis on human agency, potential, and the capacity of individuals to shape their own lives and destinies. In contrast, medieval thought often emphasized the role of divine providence and the limitations of human abilities.
2. Study of Classical Texts and Literature: Humanists studied classical Greek and Roman texts and literature, seeking inspiration, knowledge, and cultural models from the ancient world. They believed that these texts contained valuable insights into human nature, ethics, and intellectual thought. In contrast, medieval scholarship was primarily focused on religious texts and theological commentaries.
3. Individualism and Self-Expression: Humanism promoted individualism and the development of unique talents and abilities. It encouraged self-expression and the exploration of individual interests, in contrast to the more collective and community-oriented medieval society.
4. Civic Engagement and Public Service: Humanists often actively participated in civic and political life, seeking to apply their knowledge and skills to the betterment of society. This civic engagement contrasted with the monastic or ecclesiastical focus of many medieval scholars.
5. Secularization of Knowledge: Humanism introduced a more secular approach to knowledge, shifting away from the purely religious focus of medieval thought. Humanists sought to understand and analyze the natural world and human society using rational inquiry, rather than relying solely on religious teachings.
6. Aesthetic Appreciation: Humanism emphasized the importance of aesthetics and artistic expression. It promoted a love of beauty, grace, and harmony in art, literature, and music. In contrast, medieval art and aesthetics were often focused on religious symbolism and didactic purposes.
7. Education and Literacy: Humanism placed great value on education and literacy, promoting the expansion of educational opportunities to a broader segment of society. It sought to disseminate classical knowledge and humanist ideals to individuals beyond the traditional monastic and clerical circles.
8. Scientific Inquiry: Humanism laid the groundwork for the scientific revolution by encouraging empirical observation and experimentation. It encouraged a more rational and empirical approach to understanding the natural world, challenging the dogma and authority of traditional beliefs.
Overall, humanism represented a significant shift from the medieval focus on religious authority, collective identity, and otherworldly concerns towards a more individualistic, secular, and humanistic approach to knowledge, culture, and human existence.