The expression iron curtain was created by British politician Winston Churchill. He first used it during a speech he gave in Fullton, Missouri, in 1946. With this term, the former British minister warned that Stalins government would continue to influence the territories he had liberated during Wo
The history of cryptography is almost as old as that of human language. It is known that the ancient Egyptians, Chinese, Indians or Greeks already used more or less sophisticated message encryption methods, as shown by some surviving documentary examples. Generally associated with the military fiel
The massacre of Protestants at Wassy under the aegis of the Duke of Guise triggers, in France, the 1st March 1562, a real war of religion. The legitimate heir under Salic law (which contains the rules of succession to the throne of France), Henry IV, who was first a Protestant leader, must, to ascen
During the Hundred Years War (1337-1453), the French feared the archers of the English armies the most. In battles like Crécy in 1356 or Azincourt in 1415, they proved that the fear was justified. Although it is no longer possible to reconstruct exactly how archers were trained, numerous illustratio