The EDSA Revolution, also known as the People Power Revolution, was a largely peaceful revolt in the Philippines that occurred from February 22 to 25, 1986. It resulted in the overthrow of President Ferdinand Marcos, the end of his 20-year authoritarian regime, and the restoration of democracy in the Philippines.
Primary Causes of EDSA Revolution:
1. Economic Problems and Corruption:
- The economy of the Philippines had significantly deteriorated under Marcos's regime.
- The country faced severe debt, high inflation, and a stagnant economy.
- Marcos and his associates were widely accused of corruption, cronyism, and massive embezzlement of public funds.
2. Political Repression and Martial Law:
- Marcos declared martial law in 1972, effectively dismantling democratic institutions and civil liberties in the Philippines.
- Political opposition was suppressed, press freedom was curtailed, and numerous individuals were detained, tortured, or disappeared without due process.
3. Rigged Elections:
- Marcos sought to legitimize his rule through elections, but they were widely regarded as fraudulent.
- The 1986 presidential election, in particular, was marred by reports of massive voter fraud and rigging, leading to the victory of Marcos over opposition leader Corazon Aquino.
4. Formation of the Opposition:
- Marcos's oppressive rule led to the emergence of a broad-based coalition of opposition groups, including politicians, religious leaders, civil society organizations, and ordinary citizens.
- The "parliament of the streets" protests, which demanded an end to authoritarianism, gained momentum in the early 1980s.
Catalyst of EDSA Revolution:
- The most immediate trigger for the EDSA Revolution was the assassination of Senator Benigno Aquino Jr., a prominent opposition figure, on August 21, 1983, while he was returning to the Philippines from exile in the United States.
- Aquino's death sparked widespread outrage and fueled public support for the opposition.
Mass Action and Civil Disobedience:
- The opposition called for civil disobedience and mass demonstrations, which culminated in the EDSA Revolution.
- Cardinal Jaime Sin, the Archbishop of Manila, played a crucial role in mobilizing the Catholic Church and supporting the non-violent protests.
- The military eventually withdrew its support for Marcos, leading to his resignation and exile to Hawaii.
In summary, the EDSA Revolution was a response to the deep-rooted economic malaise, political repression, rigged elections, and the assassination of a prominent opposition figure. It represented the collective desire of the Filipino people for change, democracy, and an end to authoritarian rule in the Philippines.