1. Surveying and Planning:
- Roman engineers conducted detailed surveys to determine the best route for the aqueduct, ensuring a consistent water flow and minimizing obstacles.
2. Source and Reservoirs:
- Aqua Claudia's source was a group of springs near Subiaco, northeast of Rome.
- Reservoirs (castella aquarum) were built along the route to store and regulate water flow.
3. Arch Construction:
- The aqueduct was mainly constructed above ground using arches made of stone and mortar.
- The arches allowed the aqueduct to cross valleys and uneven terrain.
4. Masonry and Concrete:
- The Romans used a combination of stone masonry and concrete (opus caementicium) to construct the aqueduct's channels.
- Opus caementicium consisted of a mixture of volcanic ash (pozzolana), lime, and crushed stones, creating a durable and water-resistant material.
5. Gradient and Flow Control:
- The aqueduct was built with a slight gradient to ensure a steady flow of water towards Rome.
- Control chambers (specus divisorium) were used to regulate water distribution to different parts of the city.
6. Siphons:
- In certain sections, the aqueduct used siphons to cross valleys or depressions.
- Siphons involved pipes made of lead or ceramic to maintain water flow under pressure.
7. Maintenance and Restoration:
- Regular inspections and maintenance were conducted to ensure the aqueduct's functionality.
- Over time, repairs and restorations were carried out to maintain water supply to the city.
8. Labor Force:
- The construction of the Aqua Claudia involved a significant workforce, including engineers, architects, skilled laborers, and possibly enslaved individuals.
9. Timeframe:
- The Aqua Claudia was built over several years during the reign of the Roman Emperor Claudius, starting around 38 CE and completed in 52 CE.
The Aqua Claudia was a remarkable feat of Roman engineering and provided a reliable water supply to Rome for centuries, contributing to the city's growth, public health, and daily life.