The Athenian army primarily comprised citizen-soldiers known as hoplites. Hoplites formed the backbone of the Greek military and were highly disciplined and well-equipped. They were mostly drawn from the citizen class and were required to provide their armor and weapons. Athenian hoplites played a crucial role in shaping the city's military prowess and its dominance in ancient Greece.
Duties and Tactics of Athenian Hoplites:
1. Infantry Formation: Hoplites fought in a tightly packed formation called a phalanx. This dense arrangement of soldiers, armed with spears and shields, created an almost impenetrable wall against enemy attacks.
2. Spear Combat: The hoplites' main weapon was a long spear called a doru. They used the doru to thrust at enemy soldiers, aiming for vulnerable areas such as the face and chest.
3. Shield Wall (Aspis): Hoplites carried large, round shields known as aspis. These shields not only protected them from enemy projectiles but were also used to create a protective wall in the phalanx formation.
4. Close-Quarters Combat: If the spears were broken or the lines clashed, the hoplites would engage in close-quarters combat using short swords called xiphos.
5. Discipline: Discipline and teamwork were paramount in the Athenian army. Hoplites were trained to remain steadfast in formation and to support one another in battle.
6. Defending the City-State: Athenian hoplites played a vital role in defending Athens from external threats, such as invasions and conflicts with neighboring states. They also maintained internal order and helped suppress internal uprisings.
Hoplite Hegemony:
During the 5th century BCE, Athens reached the pinnacle of its power, largely due to the strength of its hoplite army. The renowned military strategist Pericles placed great importance on the hoplites and emphasized the need for effective training, discipline, and superior tactics. As a result, the Athenian hoplites became one of the most formidable forces in ancient Greece, securing Athens' dominance during the Golden Age of Greece.