1. Death Penalty: The death penalty was frequently used for serious crimes such as murder, treason, robbery, and heresy. Methods of execution included hanging, burning at the stake, beheading, and drawing and quartering.
2. Corporal Punishment: Whipping, flogging, and branding were commonly used to punish lesser offenses. These punishments were often administered in public as a form of deterrence.
3. Mutilation: In cases of theft, the offender might have their ears cropped or their hands cut off.
4. Imprisonment: While imprisonment was not as common as other forms of punishment, it was used for certain crimes, especially those committed by individuals of higher social status.
5. Fines: Fines were often imposed for less serious offenses, particularly for those involving property damage or financial matters.
6. Banishment: This involved the offender being expelled from the kingdom or a particular town or region.
7. Forfeiture of Property: In some cases, offenders could lose their property or assets as a punishment.
8. Penance and Pilgrimages: For lesser offenses, offenders might be required to perform penance, such as fasting, praying, or going on pilgrimages.
9. The Stocks and Pillory: These were devices used to publicly humiliate offenders by restraining them in uncomfortable positions.
10. Excommunication: This was a punishment reserved for religious offenses and involved exclusion from the church and its sacraments.
11. Outlawry: A person declared an outlaw lost all legal protections and could be killed or captured without trial.
12. Scold's Bridle: A device used to punish women who were considered too talkative or unruly. It consisted of a metal frame that went over the head and mouth, preventing the person from speaking.
It's important to note that punishments in the Middle Ages were often harsh and severe, and they were imposed by a variety of authorities, including the Church, the King's courts, and local magistrates.