- War Contributions: Athens played a pivotal role in the Persian Wars, leading a coalition of Greek city-states against the Persians. For their efforts, Athens received various financial contributions and tributes from allied cities. These payments, known as "phoros," were paid into the Delian League, a military alliance formed to continue the war against Persia after the initial conflict.
- Delian League Control: As the leader of the Delian League, Athens gradually transformed the alliance into an Athenian empire, exerting more significant control over member states. This gave Athens access to the resources and wealth of its allies, enabling it to collect substantial tribute payments and control trade.
- Trade Dominance: Athens emerged as a dominant maritime power after the Persian Wars, benefiting from the destruction of its previous rival fleets. It developed a strong merchant marine, allowing it to control regional trade routes and expand its economic influence throughout the Aegean Sea and beyond. Athenian ships carried grain from the Black Sea, fish, olive oil, wine, pottery, and metal products to various markets.
- Mining of Precious Metals: The Laurion silver mines in Attica, located near Athens, played a crucial role in boosting Athens' wealth. These state-owned mines produced significant quantities of silver, essential for minting coins and conducting trade. The abundant silver supply also allowed Athens to finance its naval and military operations.
- War Booty and Reparations: Athens acquired a considerable amount of war booty from its victories over the Persians and other enemies. They gained gold, silver, and valuable resources from conquered territories and captured Persian ships. Additionally, Athens received reparations payments after their victories, further adding to its wealth.
By combining these factors, Athens accumulated substantial financial resources and became one of the wealthiest and most powerful city-states in ancient Greece during the 5th century BC. Its wealth facilitated its cultural flourishing and contributions to philosophy, art, architecture, and literature, leading to the period known as the Golden Age of Athens.