- Yellow ochre, a naturally occurring clay mineral pigment.
- Orpiment, a yellow-orange mineral composed of arsenic sulfide.
- Saffron, a spice derived from the stigmas of the saffron crocus.
- Turmeric, a spice derived from the root of the turmeric plant.
- Weld, a flowering plant that produces a yellow dye.
- Dyer's chamomile, a flowering plant that produces a yellow-green dye.
- Schinus molle, a tree native to South America that produces a yellow dye.
- Safflower, a flowering plant that produces a yellow dye.
- Reseda luteola, a flowering plant that produces a yellow dye.
These materials were used to create pigments which were then mixed with a binder such as water, egg tempera, or wax to create paint. The paint was then applied to surfaces such as walls, ceilings, and papyrus sheets to create works of art, decorate tombs, and write manuscripts.