In French hands since 1795 by virtue of the Franco-Spanish treaty, the first Spanish colony in America had been occupied in 1800 by troops of freedmen from Toussaint L'Ouverture. A Napoleonic army recovered the eastern part of Santo Domingo (today the Dominican Republic ) until Juan Sánchez Ramírez he defeated them at Palo Hincado (1808) and to prevent the Haitian danger, Spain appointed him governor.
Dead Sánchez Ramírez, José Núñez de Cáceres, protected by Gran Colombia , proclaimed on December 1, 1821 the independence of the Dominican Republic (Santo Domingo). Absent the Spanish military power, Jean Pierre Boyer takes the opportunity to invade the territory, which he submits to a despotic regime from 1822 until his expulsion in 1844, thanks to a secret society, La Trinitaria , founded by Dominican patriots to get rid of the Haitian tyranny.
The uprising, led by Juan Pablo Duarte , and Francisco del Rosario Sánchez he rose up in arms in the capital, until the governor capitulated. Duarte adopted a new Governing Board and held a high position on the Board.
The situation was consolidated, but the division took over the Junta, split between independentists and supporters of a French or Spanish protectorate.
General Pedro Santana was the first president of the new independent republic. Faced with the danger of a new Haitian invasion, President Santana, re-elected after the presidencies of Báez and Valverde, requested annexation to Spain (March 18, 1861), rescinded in 1865 by the patriots Mella and Luperón.
Duarte returned from exile and the independence of the Hispanic metropolis was definitively consolidated.
Anarchism in the Old Republic had a very strong presence. He was formed in the midst of urban workers unions in centers such as São Paulo. By Me. Cláudio FernandesIn the early years of its establishment, the Republic had to face, in Brazil, a series of revolts in predominantly rural, sertaneja area