From the 1st Crusade wikipedia
Trigger for the Crusades expedition
The Christian church at that time was one of the political forces in the Western European world.
On the other hand, Christian Church , not as a political force It was Roman Church that was fighting for the top position when I saw it in And Constantinople Church is. It developed into an east-west separation. Discussions for unification have been going on for a long time.
At that time, the expansion of the Islamic dynasty overlaps. Constantinople Church Byzantine Empire (Byzantine Empire) Anatolia Peninsula of the territory of (See present-day Turkey, the world of the Ancient Near East) and the Christian sanctuary Jerusalem In the situation of being monopolized and issuing SOS to Western countries and churches.
Fortunately, at that time the church was more influential than the kings of Western Europe, so Pope Urban II Recapture Jerusalem to his king and princes I made a call.
Is it like this if you translate it freely?
This word was transmitted to the Franks who live all over France, and he sewed a cross mark on his right shoulder and headed for the expedition. This cross mark is the origin of the name of the Crusades.
Enthusiastic People's Crusade Leader Peter the Hermit And the second son of Count Boulogne in northern France, Godfloor And his younger brother Board One They are Charlemagne Byzantine Empire Capital in Asia Minor, created by (reigning 768-814) ・ Constantinople March using the road to.
Participants from Germany (Holy Roman Empire), Northern Italy and Southern Italy joined here to form a large army of 100,000 in total.
Peter the Hermit who served in the First Crusade Is a person who is very good at making speeches, and it is said that various people regardless of status participated in the Crusades according to his speech.
There were knights, wealthy homegrown farmers and merchants, but it seems that there were also ordinary people who went to the battlefield for the first time with the intention of a little pilgrimage or looting.
Crusaders and Jews
Some of the people who participated in the Crusaders were new to the battlefield, so of course many had to get new weapons (some seemed to have no weapons like a pilgrimage). ..
Those who are not financially wealthy to get weapons will "borrow and get".
Christianity at the time, moneylenders were avoided So, a pagan Jew who lived closer to Islam and also made a living in the money lending business. I borrowed money from and got a weapon.
"The other party is rich and even lends money, which is a target of repulsion."
So, some of the Crusader participants
"Islam is not the only pagan. Should Jews be subdued?"
Some who think that it starts with the participants of the Crusaders, and even those who justify the killing of Jews.
Speaking of persecution of Jews, the persecution by Nazi Germany is the most famous, but the Crusader expedition is also known to have been persecuted as well, and you can see that it is a deep-seated problem.
Now! To the First Crusade Expedition
First Byzantine Empire We arrived at the People's Crusade with nearly 40,000 participants. ..
It was a crowd of ordinary people, but since this civilian crusade will affect various places later, let's talk about the people's crusade first.
People's Crusade to Constantinople
Byzantine Empire when nearly 40,000 People's Crusade arrives Did not consider the Crusaders to be such a large army. Due to the large army, the first border town refused to enter the city because it could not be accepted without a command from above (given food supply etc.).
As a result, the large army immediately fell into a food shortage and began to plunder the surrounding cities. Byzantine Empire The side naturally opposes and develops into a skirmish. Under such circumstances, I managed to Byzantine Empire Constantinople with permission to pass through the territory It seems that I was able to enter.
Constantinople until the Crusaders of the princes other than the People's Crusade join. I was planning to wait at, but I felt like below Byzantine Emperor Alexios I Is
People's Crusade Only Seljuk dynasty first I'm going to go to. I can't blame you because it's a plan that can avoid the deterioration of public security and food shortages.
Thus the People's Crusade Jerusalem while plundering rural areas. Aim for.
However, Seljuk Many of the People's Crusade who entered the army did not have proper equipment, and even the friends were broken, and it became almost annihilated. To work for both good and bad people with poor leadership of the People's Crusade. .. ..
After this, Peter the Hermit survived and joined the Crusader main corps to organize his miscellaneous soldiers.
Crusaders body, to Seljuk dynasty
In the summer of 1096, while the People's Crusade was destroyed, military activities by the Crusade by aristocrats and princes began in earnest. Famous bishops and princes from all over Western Europe will come together.
They are Constantinople People's Crusade Two months after it was destroyed. It seems that not only knights but also many militias followed here.
There were no strong leaders in the beginning, but in the battle Raymond IV And Bishop Adhemar , Bohemond I Will play a leading role.
Negotiations with the Byzantine Empire
The Crusaders were also running out of food, but "Byzantine Emperor Alexios I Will provide supplies. " Alexios I Is People's Crusade I was already in a state of suspicion because I was seeing the lack of leadership and bad behavior.
Therefore, Alexios I instead of providing food.
I am asking. This will later trigger the division of the Crusaders.
On the other hand, in the Seljuk morning ...?
Seljuk dynasty at that time Is the sultan that built its heyday (=Ruler) Malik-Shah After his death, a number of local governments were in a state of turmoil.
Malik-Shah because the Seljuk dynasty originally used a means of governance to send princes and clan influential people to various parts of the world. Relatives set up an independent government on their own as a result of their decline in influence from religious policy, and after Malik's death, his power grew even further.
Also, by the time the Crusaders are about to come on an expedition, Atabeg is the guardian and regent when the successor to the local government was young. There is also an administration built by (← the name of the position / position).
↑ What is the blank area of the Anatolian Peninsula?
Kingdom of Kirikia and Armenia , which is said to have been founded in 1080 or 1098 ..
There was a time when he went down to the Byzantine Empire, but the situation was such that the appointed secretary was hereditary and he was just getting hungry, so he was dissatisfied.
While doing so, Byzantine Empire Seljuk dynasty Invaded, and the turmoil led to the birth of multiple small princely nations. However, the Seljuk dynasty invades such a small princely country. It was the Crusaders who came at that time, so even though the denominations are different, Cilicia Was supportive of the Crusaders It seems that.
In addition, Cilicia Armenian Orthodox Is the main belief.
In such a situation full of enemies, People's Crusade without leadership Seljuk dynasty witnessed It was no wonder that he decided that it was "not a big deal".
What is the result of the First Crusade?
The participants of the First Crusade were originally. .. ..
- I was longing for the recapture of Jerusalem when I was religiously enthusiastic.
- The lords were hungry for their land
.
If the Seljuk dynasty's carelessness and internal conflict are added to that, the result will be self-evident. That said, the Middle East was a fairly developed region, so the Crusaders are struggling a lot.
Founding of the County of Edessa
Siege of Nicaea ・ Battle of Dorylaeum Cilicia region After passing, Count Burgundy Board One Edessa away from the Crusaders To. At this time, Board One Is Edessa I have the ruler of the city recognize me as an adopted child / successor.
Because Cilicia at that time Was oppressed by the Seljuk dynasty's local government and wanted the Crusaders to protect the town. It seems that he was recognized as a successor by the exchange conditions.
Then Edessa Citizens riot and force the ruler to retire (some say Board One instigated), Board One Is the first Crusader States to be the ruler, County of Edessa (1099-) was established.
* Reason for retiring ...
The ruler of Edessa is Greek Orthodox ( Byzantine Empire Because I believed in (same as). Armenian Orthodox worshiped mainly by the inhabitants of Cilicia Because it wasn't Byzantine Empire It is said that there was strong opposition to both against and against the ruler of Edessa.
Siege of Nicaea So, when the Crusaders were about to win, they were wary of looting (by the Crusaders) Byzantine Empire Secretly Nicaea Surrendered to the Byzantine Empire.
For the Crusaders, it was a story of water in their ears, and even if they fought hard, it became a battle that had no taste, so Crusaders And Byzantine Empire The relationship between them is the worst.
Siege of Antioch
Jerusalem Syria Seljuk Dynasty on the way to City Antioch But the battle with Islamic forces broke out.
Antioch Boasted a very strong wall, but lacked garrison and asked the rulers of the neighboring Muslim government for support, but did not come to the reinforcements at the time when bad things overlapped. did.
What is internal division and Bohemond's claim?
A catastrophe occurs while the Crusaders are attacking Antioch, which has a solid wall, and starvation occurs. Promoted internal division.
Byzantine Emperor Alexis I arrives at the Crusaders in the worst of circumstances Emissary leaves To do. "(The messenger) Seljuk dynasty It seems that the princes are planning to assassinate the messenger because there are rumors that it is connected to. "
Bohemond , one of the organizers of the Crusades because of the withdrawal of this messenger Is
"It is invalid to hand over the occupied land to the Byzantine Empire"
Antioch territory Began to insist. You can predict it because the relationship between the Crusaders and the Byzantine Empire has always been the worst.
Raymond IV against this claim Disagrees, but Bohemond Raymond IV because he was in contact with Antioch guards to drop the castle. I had to accept it.
Once with this betrayal Antioch I was able to enter the castle, but Antioch before the Crusaders captured it. The reinforcements that I had requested will come. .. .. The Crusaders fell into an absolute pinch because they were reinforcements with a very large force.
Bishop Adhemar's illness
After all, Antioch siege Then, although both camps lack cohesion, the Crusaders managed to win. .. Reinforcements are also repelling. However, although he won, hunger was not resolved. In addition, a disease that seems to be typhus has become prevalent, and one of the coordinators of this disease is Bishop Adhemar . Will die.
As a result of one of the coordinators dying and the other sticking to the territory of the land where he fought, the policy was not decided and he stayed for almost half a year. After all, Bohemond Became the first Duke Principality of Antioch Remaining in, the last organizer Raymond IV Only Jerusalem Proceed to.
Raymond IV Also wanted to have territory, but Jerusalem I was forced to head for it by pushing up from the people below who had a strong purpose.
At the same time Board One And Godfloor Is already Edessa territory Because I was earning income from Raymond IV I don't like being underneath, and I'm heading to Jerusalem in a different way.
The force is dispersed and the purpose is also different. It seems that the inside was in a tattered state.
What happened in Antioch to shake the authority of Raymond IV?
One of the organizers Raymond IV Is the first King Jerusalem It seems that there was an incident that seems to have gone away from Antioch in the match against Antioch, so let's talk a little.
The incident was Raymond IV . Was his backing monk (due to the vision of starvation?) " Holy Lance There is! It is an event that originated from saying. The so-called Longinus Spear is not it. With the rise of religious enthusiasm, the reverence for relics has also increased, so if you find one, it is definitely a morale booster.
Actually Antioch The Holy Lance was found and the morale was greatly improved, but the monks themselves began to say, "I want you to judge whether what I said is true" to the lords who thought that they were "Usankusei". Trial by ordeal ( Fire Tribunal ) Was executed.
The monk was Raymond IV after he died from a severe burn. It seems that the authority of is lost.
Jerusalem falls in the Fatimid dynasty
Under such circumstances, "a certain country" moves. Egypt's Fatimid , which was originally widespread in Syria is. Antioch Siege of Antioch By that time, it was already Fatimid Successful Fall of Jerusalem I am letting you.
Fatimid Is Antioch Siege of Antioch A messenger was sent in the middle, and Syria's North-South divide-and-conquer rule was sent to seek peace with the Crusaders, but the Crusaders categorically refused this. No alliance or non-aggression pact was established, and the Fatimid dynasty regretted the capture of Jerusalem by the crusades who were too incomprehensible. Somehow.
Thus, the Crusaders are Fatimid I rushed towards fighting.
Crusaders to Jerusalem
While fighting hunger through internal division, somehow Antioch Drop Jerusalem A group of Crusades who were able to head for. However, even after this, looting and slaughter will be repeated on the way.
Local influential people who heard this rumor tried to avoid the worst by helping supplies without fighting, so it seems that there was almost no big fight and it went smoothly.
Jerusalem being one of the destinations Hearing the advance of the Crusaders, he tried to avoid the defeat by poisoning the wells around him and stockpiling food. Anyway, the Crusaders have a very bad reputation. I managed to get ready to avoid being occupied.
Therefore, Jerusalem cannot be easily defeated by the Crusades, which had been considerably reduced in size. I will starve again. Around the time when hallucinations began to appear due to hunger. .. ..
The organizer of the Crusades who should have died of illness, Bishop Adhemar Is
"If you fast and go around Jerusalem barefoot for nine days, the walls will collapse."
Someone appears who saw that. When I tried to sneak into the straw, I found a weakness in the wall of Jerusalem and broke it just before starvation.
Raymond IV during the Crusader massacre in the castle (killing Muslims, Jews, even Christians such as the Eastern Orthodox Church) Is Jerusalem Succeeded in accepting the recommendation. Thus Jerusalem Will be captured by the Crusaders.
Establishment of the Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Crusader States
In 1099, the original purpose of Jerusalem is finally over. The Crusaders who achieved the recapture. The troops at this time are said to be several hundred to 2,000. At first, it was a force of 100,000 people (although it may be popular), so the harshness is unimaginable.
Godfloor who was the leader of the Crusades at that time Is actually King Jerusalem " Guardian of the Holy Tomb 』, But died the following year. His younger brother Count of Edessa Board One Takes over Jerusalem Kingdom Was born.
* Not interesting for Raymond IV. Therefore, the lords who participated in the event are in a terrible state.
The situation was unfortunate due to the lack of troops, but Principality of Antioch Bohemond And Danishmendids There is a battle between Seljuk dynasties Jerusalem Kingdom thanks to the inner ring rubbing inside I was able to solidify the ground.
That said, Jerusalem Kingdom The number of people who have reached this point is quite small, and they will continue to suffer from a shortage of producers and military power.
While the lords who achieved these achievements were whispered, the knights who dropped out on the way were ridiculed as "cowards". Sometimes even the excommunication was whispered by the priest.
Many were enthusiastic about regaining Jerusalem, so pressure to go on an expedition again. In this way, the Crusade departed again from 1100 to 1101.
Raymond IV , who was one of the coordinators but could not obtain a territory and was in a terrible state with the central princes of the First Crusade. " Crusade of 1101 And " Crusaders of the Coward I did an expedition called.
Although the Crusaders are almost destroyed by this expedition, Syria's Tripoli remains with the remaining troops. It is attacking and defeating a rich port town called.
It was the Byzantine Empire that helped behind the scenes at this time. Alexios I .. Bohemond broke the promise that "the occupied land belongs to the Byzantine Empire" Territory of Support to restrain Antioch It seems that it was.
Of course, this tripoli Is Raymond IV Is a territory.
From the 1st Crusade (wikipedia)
So, to summarize the achievements of the First Crusade
- County of Edessa
- Principality of Antioch
- Kingdom of Jerusalem
- County of Tripoli
Four crusader states are established. After that, it will continue to remain until the 13th century.
In addition, the creation of the Kingdom of Jerusalem has made it easier to pilgrimage, to protect those who pilgrimage to the sanctuary and to take care of the poor, sick, and dead.
- Knight Order (Religious Order)
- Knights Templar
- Knights of St. John
Was also established.
Tomorrow (July 1st) Siege of Nicaea , Antioch Siege Battle the day after tomorrow (July 2nd) An article about the details of is also scheduled to be updated (both at 10 am).