The Persian War, which began in 500 BC and lasted nearly 50 years. The battle between the Greek Alliance against Persia and the Achaemenid Persians.
For Greece, it gave me deep confidence as a battle for independence and freedom. On the other hand, it is also a war that will intensify the conflict within Greece.
This time, I will summarize such a Persian war.
Let's check the situation at that time before the Persian War
Introduction Achaemenid Persian And Greece Let's check from the positional relationship of and the simple situation.
[ Achaemenid Persian (Hereafter, Persia)]
The country was founded in the middle of the 6th century BC, and the reign of the third generation Diores I. Organized domestic affairs and protected the activities of the Phoenicians, the cornerstones of Mediterranean trade, and the Arameans, who were the center of trade in the desert.
[Greek Police ]
■ Athens :Taking advantage of the geographical advantage facing the Mediterranean Sea trade and advantage in the Greek economic zone Becoming standing, democracy established I was doing it.
■ Sparta :Agricultural country located inland. Since he used slaves for farming, he was most wary of the rebellion by slaves. There, the citizens of Sparta were educated as military personnel from the age of 7 and controlled the army, and by the middle of the 6th century, the strongest army nation in Greece To be famous as.
Summarizing the situation in Persia and Athens Sparta ...
'Trade' common to Persia and Athens The keyword comes out. Both trade in the Mediterranean Sea and the Aegean Sea. Police on the islands of the Mediterranean Sea and the Aegean Sea also seem to have conflicting interests with Persia.
Of course, it's not just the conflict over the command of the sea between the Greek coastal police and Persia. Since Greece does not have a unified nation, conflicts of interest between police will also arise . It has a structure.
One Sparta Is a landlocked country of the Peloponnese It is surrounded by many police. In the middle of the 6th century, the threats of the surroundings were wiped out to some extent, but there was also a counter police in the neighborhood. At the end of the 6th century BC, a loose military alliance with the surrounding police (= Peloponnese Alliance ) was used to counter such police. ) Was tied.
Let's take a look at the Persian War with the above background in the corner of our head.
What is the rebellion of Kikake Ionia in the Persian War?
Cities in Ionia are
- Originated from the Greek colonial city of Polis (which has a deep connection with Greek police)
- Before the founding of Persia, it was under the control of the Kingdom of Lydia
- During the Persian invasion of Lydia, he refused Cyrus II's recommendation to leave Lydia and did not cooperate with Persia.
To be invaded and placed under Persian rule. From Persia's point of view, "untrustworthy regions" seems to be an impression of Miletus and other Ionian regions.
Ionian rule by Persia
Persian rule of Ionia " puts a tyrant and interferes with domestic affairs It was the method. Although autonomy is allowed, it is also a place that is often talked about only in the land that is the cornerstone of the Mediterranean trade.
The tyrant may have thought that gaining credibility was the best way to reduce such swearing. Miletus plunged into a conflict and civil war over the command of the sea between Greek police It is.
However, Miletus and Ionia were defeated after plunging a huge amount of war expenses. Far from gaining credibility, both his position and the police themselves are forced into a dangerous position. That's why I noticed Athens , which tended to be isolated in Greece. is.
Let's take a closer look at the situation in Athens
Athens Is a trading nation centered on Mediterranean trade However, at that time, pirates were rampant. There was a hostile relationship between the police called Aegina, who tolerated piracy, and the police called Argos, who protected Aegina.
Also, Athens , which was becoming dominant in the economic zone. I was wary of Sparta .. Sparta Was the ally in the Peloponnese Peninsula, so inevitably Peloponnese Alliance The relationship with the police that belonged to was also in a bad situation.
Athens Asks the Persian Governor for an alliance in an attempt to overcome the situation of the four-sided song, but it was the affiliation to Athens that the Governor struck Athens.
The inside of Athens was shaken by obedience to Persia or independence, and the conclusion reached was " Win independence . 』.
The "Ionian Revolt" that took place inside Persia may have been one of the reasons why Athens chose "independence" over "submission." Athens decides to help Ionia.
The participation of rich police such as Athens also encourages participation in the police rebellion on the islands that were in conflict with Persia in other Mediterranean trade. After all, as long as we're having trouble with the command of the sea between Greek police, we don't know when we'll get our hands on it.
What is the result of the Ionian Revolt ...? ??
The rebellion in the Ionian region has been subdued with the lack of support from some Greek police.
In the Ionian Revolt
- Persia feels the limits of tyrants and begins to establish democracy
- The police of the Aegean Islands that supported the rebellion are severely repressed
And so on. In Athens, the Persian affiliation seems to have come back to life after seeing the islands cracked down ...
The islands of the Aegean Sea have fallen
- Mainland Greece is now directly threatened by Persia
- Police, who was hostile to Athens who was watching the situation, also raised a sense of crisis to Persia
Therefore, there is a growing momentum in areas other than Athens that it is better to postpone Izakoza between police and prioritize measures against Persia.
The fact that Athens responded to Sparta's request for reinforcements and Sparta's request for reinforcements from Athens in later battles may be a sign that cooperation with Persia was being established within Greece.
For Athens, if Greece's strongest military nation is on its side, it seems that morale has risen considerably. In the end, Athens went in a direction that didn't belong either.
Outbreak of the Persian War
From the above circumstances, the Greek Police Union and Persia fell into a terrible situation, and in 500 BC, Persia sent an expeditionary force to Athens, which helped the rebellion. This is the Persian War It is the beginning of.
An important aspect of the Persian War is
- Battle of Marathon
- Battle of Salamis
- Battle of Plataea
is. Let's see what kind of battle each was.
Battle of Marathon
Hoplite created by the economically richer layers of Athens in 490 BC Is active. Overwhelmingly disadvantaged Athens Battle that defeated Persia with the strength of the side is.
By the way, the "marathon" competition was born from running a distance of about 40km from Marathon to Athens to convey this happy news. The soldier who ran through was exhausted and died when he told him that Athens had won.
The good news of the Athenian victory, which was transmitted to the locals in this way, was transmitted not only to Athens but also throughout Greece.
Also, Battle of Marathon With the victory in Athenian, there is a large number of completely independent opinions It will be.
Battle of Salamis
Battle of Marathon The Salamis Naval Battle in 480 BC, which took place after several battles. .. Athenians were originally engaged in the Mediterranean trade, and the ship's technology was quite advanced.
Blessed with a commander, Themistocles Under the guidance of, the Navy will collide with Persia in a fulfilling state. The Greek Allied forces defeat the Persian army under his command.
The trireme was used in this naval battle. It is a ship called.
With this tactic, relatively poor people who cannot prepare equipment for heavy infantry are also active. Until then, democracy in Athens was the suffrage of "property restrictions." However, because the poor people have been active in the war so far, they have gained a voice . It is.
Furthermore, Battle of Salamis Became a stalemate in the Persian War. Succeeded in reducing the fighting spirit of the Persian side.
Battle of Plataea
Battle of Salamis It was a later battle in 479 BC. Battle of Salamis Like the Persian War It is also said to be the battle that determined the future of the battle.
Sparta hasn't made a strong presence in the battles I've introduced so far. Battle of Plataea It is demonstrating its true value as the strongest military nation in Greece.
It was a battle between 350,000 (Persia) and 110,000 (Greek Allied Forces / of which 10,000 Spartan heavy infantry and 35,000 light infantry), but it is said that most of the Persian soldiers were defeated only by the right-wing Spartan army. .. How strong are you, Spartan soldiers ...
* In the "Battle of Thermopylae" that fought against Persia the year before the Battle of Plataea, 5,000 to 7,700 Greek Allied Forces (of which 300 or 1,300 participated in the Spartan Army) were large against 60,000 to 300,000 Persian troops. Good fight. In particular, Sparta's army is very strong, and there is an anecdote that it could not break through even if the elite troops on the Persian side were put in, but in this battle the Greek side was defeated by being behind. Still, it seems that he was not ashamed of the strongest name in Greece.
Conclusion of the Delian League
Persian War The Delian League with Athens as the ally among many police around the Aegean Sea, as the offense and defense in Was tied in 478 BC. It was an alliance in preparation for Persian revenge.
On the other hand
- Themistocles planned to secretly burn off ships other than Athens while the battle situation had settled down to some extent during the Battle of Salamis.
- One of the royal families of Sparta, who was the commander, sent a letter saying that instead of taking the daughter of the King of Persia, Greece would be subordinated to Persian rule.
Greek police are not monolithic, as there are multiple stories was. The story of the insider is that he bought a sword from allies, and the police with an attitude toward Athens increased. Sparta is in a hurry to bring her royal family to justice.
For Sparta, who had established a high position in Greece, neither the conclusion of the Delian League nor the increase in police near Athens is interesting. The cracks will run little by little.
The end of the Persian War
There was a victory on the Persian side in the local battle, but the Persian War Overall, Greek victory It has become. Police gained confidence by defending independence and freedom from such a mighty Orient tyranny.
In such Greek police, the change in Athens, which played a central role in the Persian War, was enormous. The three bullet ship mentioned earlier Battle of Salamis Proletariat citizens have increased their voice That's exactly what I said. Here, let's talk about the changes in Athens and the environment surrounding Athens.
Completion of democracy in Athens
Against the background of this proletariat's growing voice In the middle of the 5th century BC, Shogun Pericles Complete democracy in Athens under the guidance of doing.
Democracy in Athens is different from modern Japan direct democracy The feature is that it is not a representative system. A style in which all Athenian citizens participate in politics is.
What would you do with other jobs if you participated in politics? The question comes up. That question, Athens Then slavery solves I am letting you. I was allocating such work to slaves.
Slaves do not have suffrage. Also, speaking of not having suffrage, women born and raised in Athens and foreign residents did not have suffrage.
This style of democracy is rapidly spreading to the countries of the Delian League.
With the above circumstances, democracy has become a historically significant event in that it created and implemented the idea of democracy.
Changes in the environment surrounding Athens
Contrary to the development of Athens during the Persian War, which has gained a lot of attention from its surroundings, the rest of the world has only removed the Persian threat and does not benefit as much as Athens . / strong> was.
In particular, the leader of the Peloponnese Alliance, Sparta Is Athens I have a great sense of crisis against the expansion of the power of It will be. This will develop into a big disaster later, but I will write it in another article.