Since the arrival of Perry's Black Ships, a series of foreign ships have arrived and the friction and Opium Wars / Arrow Wars The defeat of the Qing dynasty in Japan was an event that fundamentally changed Japan's diplomatic stance.
In the early Tokugawa period, which led to the Kobu Gattai, the Shogunate was the center of the [ Opening faction . ] And the imperial court [ Joi ] Can be seen as a conflict.
The beginning of Sonno Joi theory
In the first place [ Sonnojoi ] [ Sonno ] Means " King =Respect the Emperor In the sense, it is based on the Cheng-Zhu cause. On the other hand, [ Joi ] Means " 夷 =drive away foreigners In the sense that they existed as separate ideas.
Many restoration scholars supported by the Choshu clan, Tosa clan, and Satsuma clan [ Sonno Joi theory ] Was taught at clan schools nationwide [ Mitogaku ] It started from. Mito Domain scholarship from the end of the 18th century to the end of the Edo period Has come to insist on how to overcome the national crisis associated with domestic worries and foreign affairs from a unique perspective.
It was Toko Fujita that theoretically developed that idea. is.
Higashiko was entrusted with the reform of the domain by Tokugawa Nariaki, the lord of the Mito domain, and gradually participated in the shogunate administration. Against the background of the traditional authority of the emperor, the Sonno Joi idea seeks to secure independence and security from other countries by strengthening the national system centered on the shogunate. I played an active part with.
However, Nariaki Tokugawa Is fighting for the successor of the shogun, Naosuke Ii If you lose the battle with, it will change suddenly. Naosuke signs the Treaty of Amity and Commerce between Japan and the United States without the permission of the Emperor I did. Emperor Komei was furious at that To the Mito clan without going through the shogunate (text that wrote the life of the emperor) The secret of the day An incident called will occur.
This incident destroyed the prestige of the shogunate Naosuke is a sonno Against Ansei Purge Start the crackdown. Indignant at this, the lower samurai of the Mito Domain departed from the domain and became ronin, and in close contact with the volunteers of Satsuma Sakuradamon Incident . Wake up.
Shoin Yoshida and Ansei Purge
Naosuke Ii Ansei Purge Shokasonjuku , which produced many honorable scholars of the Choshu clan among the people executed in Shoin Yoshida There was. Shoin accepts juku students regardless of their status, and [ Kadomatsu no Soujuku ], Shinsaku Takasugi and Genzui Kusaka Yoshida Tsunemaru and Irie Kuichi It seems that many of the people involved in the turmoil at the end of the Edo period hit the gate of this cram school.
Shoin Yoshida Is trying to make the rise of the aspiring samurai in the field the driving force of Japan's transformation [ Kusabori theory ] Was preached. Kusatsu The hermit lurking in the vegetation turns to point to the general public, Horiki Means to stand up all at once.
Shoin asked Matsushitamura Jukusei and others to take practical actions rather than desk studies. The fact that many of the students were important keymen at the end of the Tokugawa shogunate was probably the result of thorough practical thinking. The current Shokasonjuku building has been relocated and stored in the precincts of Shoin Shrine in Hagi City. * The above picture is the building.
Shoin himself, Japan-US Trade Treaty He was arrested by the shogunate and sentenced to death by making a plan to assassinate Rōjū in order to criticize the signing without the emperor's messenger and practice his teachings. However, after the death of Shoin, the students such as Shinsaku Takasugi should take over the intention and change the theory of the Choshu clan to Sonno Joi and execute the Joi.
Also, as if to respond to this, the Tosa domain also Takechi Hanpeita Tosakinoto Party Sonno Joi Has emerged, Ryoma Sakamoto, Shintaro Nakaoka With [ Shishi of Kusatsu ] Will be called. They are Yoshida Toyo of the Samurai Opening School Succeeded in assassinating Tosa's clan theory to Qin Wang, and went to Kyoto to participate in the reverence movement.
Until now, the ones who insisted on Sonno Joi were mainly vassals, ronin, and scholars of the lords of the Yuhan . However, after the Ansei Purge, a wide range of people, including those from local gentry and wealthy merchants, like the scholars who had aspirations and stood up for the same purpose beyond their positions . strong> The number of things that stood up increased, and the color of the debate was strengthened.
Ansei Purge by Naosuke Ii Aiming to strengthen the power of the Shogunate However, as a result, the shogunate's awareness of norms declined and there was a lack of human resources, which intensified the reverence movement . It was decided to lean toward the debate.