Golden Horde, Mongol dynasty descended from Djötchi, the eldest son of Genghis Khan, who conquered and controlled the Russian steppes during the 13th and 14th centuries, among others.
1237-1242:Mongols conquered Russian principalities and ruined all Russian cities except Novgorod (kyiv, Vladimir, Suzdal, Ryazan, Kolomna).
Half of the Russian population perished during the Mongol invasion. The survivors fled to the northeast, into the wooded regions between the northern Volga and the Oka, where the soils were poor, but the climate colder, where the trade routes were controlled by the Horde. The construction of stone buildings ceased for two hundred years.
The Mongols had pushed their incursions as far as Poland and Russia and the Russian princes remained dependent on their khans until the end of the 15th century.
Also territory of present-day Russia controlled by Mongol horsemen. The way of life of these riders made it impossible to define this area in terms of territory delimited by borders.
The Golden Horde or Khanate of Kiptchak named after the former occupants of the region the Kiptchaks or Cumans consisted of the Blue Horde in the west, led by the descendants of Batu and the White Horde in the east (towards the Kazakhstan) controlled by those of Orda.
Pieces of the territories of the Golden Horde will constitute the khanates of Kazan, Astrakhan, Sibir (western Siberia) and Crimea, the latter only attached to Russia in 1783.
The Golden Horde's punitive and plundering incursions into Russia
* 1252:Nevruy's horde devastates Pereyaslavl-Zalesskiy and Suzdal.
* 1273:The Mongols attack the region bordering the principality of Novgorod.
* 1281:The horde of Kovdygay and Alchiday destroys Murom and Pereyaslavl, he ruins the surroundings of Suzdal, Rostov, Vladimir, Yuriev-Polskiy, Tver, Torzhok.
* 1282:The Mongols attack Vladimir and Pereslavl-Zalessky.
* 1283:the Mongols plunder Rylsk, Lipetsk, Kursk and Vorgol.
* 1285:the military leader of the Mongols Eltoray, the son of Temir, plunder Ryazan and Murom.
* 1293:The military leader of the Mongols Dyuden comes to Russia and plunders fourteen cities, Murom, Moscow, Kolomna, Vladimir, Suzdal, Yuriev-Polsky, Pereslavl-Zalessky, Mozhaysk, Volokolamsk, Dmitrov, Uglitch. During the same summer, the son of the Khan Takhtamir plundered the principality of Tver and captured slaves in the principality of Vladimir.
* 1307, 1315, 1317, 1318, 1322:looting expeditions of the Golden Horde in the principalities of Ryazan, Tver, Kostroma, Yaroslavl.
* 1327:Punitive incursion of the Golden Horde into the principality of Tver.
* 1358, 1365, 1373:The Tatars attack the principality of Ryazan.
* 1375, 1377, 1378:The Tatars attack the bordering region of the principality of Nizhniy Novgorod.
* 1382:Khan Tokhtamysh completely burns Moscow, tens of thousands of Muscovites perish.
* 1408:The Tatars plunder Serpukhov, the surroundings of Moscow, Pereyaslavl, Rostov, Yuriev, Dmitrov, Nizhni Novgorod, Galitsch.
* 1410:Tatars destroy Vladimir.
* 1449, 1451, 1455, 1459:The Tatars plunder the surroundings of Moscow
* 1480:Great halt on the Ougra river, end of the Tatar-Mongol yoke.
List of Khans of the Golden Horde
Blue Horde, then Golden Horde
* 1227-1255:Batu, son of Djötchi
* 1255-1256:Sartaq son of Batu
* 1256-1257:Ulaqtchi son of batu
* 1257-1267:Berké brother of Batu
* 1267-1280:Mengü Temür grandson of Batu
* 1280-1287:Tuda Mengü brother of Mengü Temür
* 1287-1290:Tula Buqa son of Baita nephew of the above
* 1290-1312:Ghiyas ed-din Toqtaï (or Toqto’a) son of Mengü Temür
* 1312-1340:Ghiyas ed-din Mohammed Özbeg son of Toghrul and grandson of Mengü Temür
* 1340-1340:Tinibeg son of Özbzg
* 1340-1357:Djelal ed-din Mahmud Djanibeg son of Özbeg
* 1357-1359:Mohammed Berdibeg son of Djanibeg
* 1359-1359:Kulna brother of the above
* 1359-1361:Mohammed Nuruzbeg brother of the above
Rival families
* 1361-1380:period of anarchy where real power belongs to General Mamai from Khan Nogai
* 1359-1361:Mahmud Khirz son of Bada Kul Khan of Turan
* 1361-1363:Merdad son of Mahmud Khirz
* 1361-1361:Temür Khodjah
* 1361-1363:Kilibeg
* 1361-1363:Mürad Khodjah
* 1363-1363:Kütlügh Khodjah
* 1363-1367:Pulad Khodjah son of Ming Temür Khan of Turan and brother of Mahmud Khirz
* 1363-1367:Aziz Sheykh son of Alibeg
* 1363-1369:Abdallah
* 1367-1371:Hasan beg brother of Aziz Sheykh
* 1370-1373:Tülüngbeg Khan of Turan, son of Ming Temür and nephew of Mahmud Khirz
* 1373-1375:Ilban brother of the previous
* 1375-1377:Ghiyas ed-din Khaghan son of Ilban
* 1377-1378:Arab Shah son of Pulad
* 1370-1378:Ghiyas ed-din Mohammed Bülak
White Horde
* 1227-1280:Orda, son of Djötchi
* 1280-1302:Kanitchi son of Orda
* 1302-1309:Bayan son of Kanitchi
* 1309-1315:Sasibuka son of Bayan
* 1315-1320:Ibisan son of Sasibuka
* 1320-1344:Mubarak Khodja brother of Ibisan
* 1344-1361:Tjimtai son of Ibisan
* 1361-1375:Urus Khan son of Tjimtai
* 1375-1375:Toktakia son of Urus khan
* 1375-1376:Temür Melik son of Urus Khan
* 1376-1398:Tokhtamysh, nephew of Urus Khan according to some sources, protected then rival of Tamerlane, reunites the two hordes.
* 1394-1394:Tash-Temür son of Hasan Beg Khan of the Blue Horde
* 1391-1395:Heg Pulad
* 1395-1400:Temür Kutlukh son of Temür Melik
* 1400-1407:Shadibeg son of Temür Melik
* 1407-1412:Pulad son of Temür Kutlukh
* 1406-1415:Temür son of Temür Kutlukh
* 1412-1412:Djelal ed-din son of Tokhtamysh
* 1412-1414:Kerimberdi son of Tokhtamysh
* 1414-1415:Kibak son of Tokhtamysh
* 1415-1415:Djebbarberdi son of Tokhtamysh
* 1415-1422:Tjekre
* 1403-1419:Derwish great grandson of Tülüngbeg Khan of Turan
* 1419-1419:Séyid Ahmed I brother of Derwish
* 1422-1424:Ghiyas ed-din son of Shadibeg
* 1427-1427:Kutjuk Mohammed son of Temür
* 1427-1427:Borrak son of Khoïridjak son of Urus Khan
* 1427-1428:Dewletberdi son of Tash-Temür
* 1428-1460:Kutjuk Mohammed son of Temür second reign
* 1460-1465:Mahmud son of Kutjukh Mohammed
* 1465-1481:Ahmed son of Kutjukh Mohammed
* 1481-1502:Seyid Ahmed II son of Ahmed
* 1481-1502:Murtaza son of Ahmed
* 1481-1502:Sheykh Ahmed son of Ahmed
During the period from 1395 to 1419 the White Horde (eastern Kiptachk) was entirely controlled by Edigu, Khan of the Nogais, who played until his death exactly the same role as his relative Mamai in the western Kiptash during the period from 1361 to 1378 .
In 1502 the Russians overthrew Kipchak's empire and their ally Mengli Giray, Khan of Crimea, took and destroyed the capital Sarai.
The heirs of the Golden Horde
The Nogai horde, wandering between the Irtysh and the Volga, the Crimean, Astrakhan, Kazan and Sibir khanates were the heirs of the Golden Horde.
In 1571, Khan Devlet I Giray of Crimea with a horde of 120,000 horsemen ravaged Moscow and captured a large number of slaves. The incursions of the Crimean Tatars and the Transvolgian hordes continued until the 18th century. Every year, Cossacks and young nobles went to watch and patrol duty, protected the Russian border territories from Tatar incursions.
In the 16th and 17th centuries, the border between the state of Muscovy and the world of nomads passed not far from Moscow, south of Ryazan on the Oka River, and Elets on the Sosna River, the tributary of the Don. The Tatar hordes perfectly mastered the tactics of incursions, choosing the way according to the watershed lines.
Their main route to Moscow was "Muravski Chljakh", from Crimea to Tula between the Dnieper and Northern Donets rivers. Having pushed into Russia for 100-200 kilometers, the nomads turned back and, deploying from the main detachment, wide wings of soldiers, they plundered and took prisoners. These were sold as slaves to Turkey and even to European countries. The city of Caffa in Crimea was a major market for the slave trade.