1. Steam Engine: The steam engine, invented in the 18th century, had revolutionized industries and transportation. It was widely used in factories, mills, and steam-powered ships, transforming production and logistics.
2. Electricity and Electrical Power: The late 19th century saw rapid development in electricity and electrical power. Electric lighting, telegraphs, and early electrical appliances were introduced, changing communication and daily life.
3. Internal Combustion Engine: The internal combustion engine, particularly in the form of the gasoline engine, became a critical technology for automobiles and airplanes. It paved the way for motorized transportation and early aviation.
4. Automobile: The first automobiles appeared in Europe in the late 19th century. By 1914, cars had evolved and become more common, signaling the start of the automotive age.
5. Airplane: The first successful powered flight by the Wright brothers occurred in 1903. While still in its early stages, aviation had advanced considerably by 1914, leading to the development of military aircraft and the use of airplanes in reconnaissance during World War I.
6. Radio and Wireless Communication: Guglielmo Marconi's invention of the radio in the late 19th century brought about wireless communication. By 1914, radio technology was used for early forms of communication, such as ship-to-ship communication and communication between military units.
7. Telephone: Alexander Graham Bell's invention of the telephone revolutionized communication. It had become widely adopted in Europe by 1914 and played a role in military and civilian communications.
8. Cinematography and Photography: The development of cinematography and photography in the late 19th century allowed for the creation of moving pictures and captured images, influencing entertainment, documentation, and journalism.
9. Submarine: Submarine technology had advanced considerably in Europe before 1914. Several countries had developed and deployed submarines for military purposes.
10. Artillery and Gunpowder: Europe had a long history of gunpowder use, leading to the development of advanced artillery pieces and cannons by 1914. These technologies played a significant role in warfare during World War I.
These technological developments had far-reaching effects on society, industry, communication, and warfare in Europe prior to 1914 and helped shape the course of history in the years that followed.