1. Political deadlock: The Province of Canada, established in 1840 as a result of the union of Upper Canada (Ontario) and Lower Canada (Quebec), faced political gridlock due to ongoing conflicts between French and English-speaking communities. The political system, which was based on representation by population, favoured the English-speaking majority in Canada West (Ontario) at the expense of the French-speaking minority in Canada East (Quebec). This led to tensions and calls for a more balanced and equitable political arrangement.
2. Economic considerations: The British colonies in North America were economically disadvantaged compared to the United States, which had a larger population, a more developed infrastructure, and access to larger markets. There was a growing recognition among colonial leaders that a united British North America would have greater economic strength, enabling the development of infrastructure, attracting investments, and promoting economic growth.
3. External threats: The colonies faced potential threats from the United States, which had expansionist ambitions and had previously engaged in conflicts with British North America. The American Civil War (1861-1865), in particular, highlighted the need for a unified defense system to protect the colonies against potential American aggression.
4. Political leadership: The confederation movement was led by prominent political figures from the various colonies, including John A. Macdonald, George-Étienne Cartier, George Brown, Leonard Tilley, and others. These individuals played crucial roles in fostering unity, negotiating terms of union, and promoting the idea of a united Canada.
5. Quebec Resolutions: In 1864, a series of resolutions were adopted at a conference in Quebec City, outlining the principles and framework for a potential union of British North American colonies. These resolutions became the foundation for further negotiations and discussions leading up to confederation.
6. London Conference and the BNA Act: In December 1866, delegates from the colonies met in London, England, to finalize the terms of confederation. The outcome of this conference was the drafting of the British North America Act, which was subsequently approved by the British Parliament and became the legal basis for the creation of the Dominion of Canada on July 1, 1867.
The confederation of Canada was a complex process involving political negotiations, economic considerations, external threats, and the leadership of influential individuals. The achievement of confederation marked a significant milestone in the history of Canada, paving the way for the country's subsequent development, growth, and evolution into a modern nation-state.