In the 19th century, nationalism was on the rise in Europe. This was due in part to the French Revolution, which had spread the ideas of liberty, equality, and fraternity throughout the continent. These ideas inspired people to think of themselves as part of a nation, rather than as subjects of a king or emperor.
Nationalism also grew in response to the rise of industrialization and urbanization. These processes led to the displacement of traditional social structures and values, and people began to look to the nation as a source of identity and belonging.
The rise of nationalism in Europe led to a number of conflicts in the 19th century. These conflicts included the Crimean War, the Franco-Prussian War, and the Balkan Wars. These conflicts helped to set the stage for the outbreak of World War I in 1914.