1. Iron plows: Europeans introduced iron plows, which were more efficient at breaking the tough sod of the New World's prairies and forests.
2. Draft animals: Europeans also brought horses, oxen, and other draft animals, which allowed them to plow more land and cultivate larger fields.
3. Crop rotation: Europeans practiced crop rotation, which helped to maintain soil fertility and prevent pests and diseases.
4. Fertilizers: Europeans used fertilizers such as manure and compost to improve soil quality.
5. Irrigation: Europeans built irrigation systems to water their crops, especially in arid regions.
6. Seeds and plants: Europeans introduced new crops and plants from the Old World, such as wheat, barley, oats, and rye, which were well-suited to the climate and soils of the New World.
7. Agricultural knowledge and expertise: Europeans brought their knowledge and expertise in agriculture, which had been developed over centuries of farming in Europe.
These factors enabled Europeans to grow crops successfully in the New World and establish a strong agricultural base, which supported their colonies and contributed to their economic growth and development.