- England and France: These two nations engaged in the Hundred Years' War, which lasted from 1337 to 1453. The conflict primarily involved territorial disputes and claims over the French throne.
- France and Burgundy: France and the Duchy of Burgundy fought a series of conflicts known as the Burgundian Wars. The wars primarily resulted from territorial disputes and power struggles between the two entities.
- Spain: Spain experienced internal conflicts during this period, including the Reconquista, a series of campaigns to drive the Moorish presence out of the Iberian Peninsula.
- Italy: Italy saw numerous wars and conflicts among its city-states, such as the Wars of the Guelphs and Ghibellines and the Italian Wars. These wars were often influenced by political and territorial ambitions of different factions and rulers.
- Germany: Germany was involved in internal conflicts and territorial disputes among its various states and principalities. The conflicts often involved power struggles, religious divisions, and territorial expansion.