1. The Punic Wars (264-146 BCE):
- First Punic War (264-241 BCE): Rome conquered Sicily from the Carthaginians.
- Second Punic War (218-201 BCE): Rome defeated Hannibal and Carthage, gaining control over Hispania (Spain) and parts of North Africa.
- Third Punic War (149-146 BCE): Rome destroyed Carthage, establishing its dominance over the western Mediterranean.
2. The Roman-Seleucid Wars (192-63 BCE):
- Rome expanded its influence in the eastern Mediterranean, defeating the Seleucid Empire and annexing parts of Greece and Asia Minor.
3. The Gallic Wars (58-51 BCE):
- Julius Caesar conquered Gaul (present-day France) for the Roman Republic.
4. The Mithridatic Wars (88-63 BCE):
- Rome defeated Mithridates VI, the king of Pontus, establishing control over Bithynia and Cappadocia in Asia Minor.
5. The Conquest of Egypt (30 BCE):
- After the death of Cleopatra, Egypt became a Roman province.
These conquests significantly expanded the territory of the Roman Republic and laid the foundation for the vast Roman Empire that emerged during the Imperial period.