- Socrates developed the Socratic method of questioning and critical thinking.
- Plato founded the Academy in Athens and developed his philosophical ideas, such as the Theory of Forms.
- Aristotle was a student of Plato and made significant contributions to philosophy, science, and logic.
Literature:
- Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides wrote some of the greatest tragedies in Western literature.
- Aristophanes wrote comedies that satirized Greek society and politics.
- Homer's epic poems, the Iliad and the Odyssey, were composed during this period.
Art and Architecture:
- Greek architects and sculptors created magnificent temples, theaters, and statues that demonstrated their mastery of classical architecture and aesthetics.
- The Parthenon, built in Athens, exemplifies the Doric style of Greek architecture.
- Greek sculptors created realistic and idealized sculptures, such as the Venus de Milo and the Apollo Belvedere.
Science and Technology:
- Greek mathematicians, including Euclid and Archimedes, made important discoveries in geometry and physics.
- Aristarchus of Samos proposed a heliocentric model of the universe, suggesting that the Earth revolves around the Sun.
- Greek engineers developed various technologies, including the water screw, the catapult, and the odometer.
Medicine:
- Hippocrates, known as the father of modern medicine, emphasized the importance of observation and rational explanation in medical diagnosis and treatment.
- Greek physicians made advancements in surgery, gynecology, and pharmacology.
Mathematics:
- Euclid wrote "The Elements," which became one of the most influential mathematical texts in history, establishing the foundation of geometry.
Astronomy:
- Aristarchus of Samos proposed a heliocentric model of the universe, although it wasn't widely accepted until much later.
These achievements and discoveries were instrumental in shaping Western civilization and continue to influence various fields of knowledge and thought to this day.