2) Poor Peasant Conditions: The Russian peasantry, which constituted the majority of the population, lived in poverty and were subject to harsh oppression from the landowners and the government. The peasants were often forced to pay high taxes and were subjected to corporal punishment. This led to widespread resentment among the peasantry, who were increasingly receptive to revolutionary propaganda.
3) Failed Military Ventures: The Tsarist regime suffered several humiliating defeats in military conflicts, most notably in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905 and World War I. These defeats exposed the weaknesses of the Tsarist military and government and further eroded public confidence in the regime.
4) Autocratic Rule and Lack of Political Reform: The Tsarist regime was an autocracy, meaning that all power was concentrated in the hands of the Tsar. There was no democratic representation or freedom of speech, and political dissent was harshly suppressed. This lack of political reform and the autocratic nature of the regime alienated many Russians, including intellectuals, professionals, and members of the bourgeoisie.
5) Weak and Incompetent Leadership: The last two Tsars, Alexander III and Nicholas II, were weak and incompetent leaders who were out of touch with the needs and desires of their people. They were unable to effectively address the growing social, economic, and political problems facing Russia.
6) World War I and the February Revolution: World War I put immense strain on Russia's economy, society and military. The high death toll and the government's failure to manage the war effort led to widespread discontent and ultimately the February Revolution of 1917, which resulted in the abdication of Tsar Nicholas II.
7) Bolshevik Revolution: The Bolsheviks, led by Vladimir Lenin, took advantage of the chaos and weakness of the Provisional Government that was established after the February Revolution. With their strong organization and revolutionary ideology, they were able to overthrow the Provisional Government in the November Revolution and establish the Soviet Union.