- Internal unrest and domestic rebellion: The success of the French Revolution inspired people in other European countries to seek social, economic and political change, prompting some monarchs to take measures to supress dissent and prevent revolts within their own realms.
- The rise of Napoleon Bonaparte and his conquests: Napoleon Bonaparte's rise to power, including his military conquests, threatened the power and stability of European monarchies. Napoleon promoted ideas of nationhood and self-determination, which conflicted with the traditional European order based on monarchical rule and dynastic arrangements.