1. Agriculture and Trade: Greece's economy largely relied on agriculture and trade. Farmers produced crops, raised livestock, and cultivated vineyards, while merchants engaged in trade both domestically and with other civilizations. The surplus produce and goods were sold in local markets or exported, bringing currency into the Greek economy.
2. Taxation: Greek city-states imposed various forms of taxation to generate revenue. These included taxes on land, property, imported goods, and commercial transactions. Citizens and resident foreigners were required to pay these taxes, contributing to the public funds.
3. Minting of Coins: The invention and widespread use of coinage played a pivotal role in ancient Greek economy. Greek city-states minted their own coins, starting with the Aeginetan coinage standard in the 7th century BC. The most famous coins were the Athenian silver drachmas and the Aeginetan silver staters. Minting coins facilitated trade and commerce and enabled standardized financial transactions.
4. Precious Metals and Raw Materials: Greece had limited natural resources, but it did possess some valuable metals like silver and gold. Mining and extracting these metals were a source of wealth for certain regions. Additionally, Greece imported raw materials such as copper and tin, which were used to produce various goods.
5. Services and Craftsmanship: Skilled craftsmen and artisans played an essential role in the economy. They produced goods such as pottery, sculptures, textiles, and weapons. These products were then sold in markets or exported, contributing to the local economy's revenue.
6. Mercenaries and Military Service: For some Greeks, military service and mercenary work were sources of income. Greek soldiers were renowned for their fighting skills and were often hired by foreign powers or other Greek city-states in times of conflict.
7. Banking and Lending: While banking systems were not as developed as in later times, there were individuals or institutions that acted as moneylenders or bankers. They would provide loans and credit to merchants and individuals at interest, generating profits for themselves.
It is important to note that the economy of ancient Greece varied across different city-states and regions. Some cities, like Athens and Corinth, were major commercial centers, while others relied more on agriculture and other local resources. The economic dynamics were shaped by geographical conditions, political structures, and the availability of natural resources, among other factors.