1. Economic
* Standardisation of rail gauges, currency, weights and measures, and other regulations across colonies.
* Creation of a common market, allowing for free trade and economies of scale.
* Increased economic development through infrastructure projects, such as the Trans-Australian Railway.
2. Political
* Creation of a unified Australian identity, with a shared sense of nationhood.
* Development of a federal system of government, with power shared between the states and the federal government.
* Increased power and autonomy from the British Empire.
3. Social
* Improved transportation and communication networks, leading to closer ties between the colonies.
* Increased mobility of people and goods, allowing for greater social and economic opportunities.
* Establishment of a national social security system, providing for old-age pensions, invalid pensions and maternity allowances.
4. International
* Enhanced global recognition and status as an independent nation.
* Increased ability to negotiate with other nations on trade and other matters.
* Strengthened defence capabilities through the creation of a unified Australian military.
Overall, the advantages of federation in 1901 were significant and contributed to the long-term success and development of Australia as a nation.