- The French Revolution of 1848: This revolution aimed to overthrow the monarchy of Louis-Philippe and establish a republic. However, the revolution was ultimately defeated by the French military, and Louis-Philippe remained on the throne.
- The Russian Revolution of 1905: This revolution was sparked by the poor working conditions of Russian workers and peasants. The revolution spread to major cities across Russia, but was ultimately suppressed by the Tsarist government.
- The German Revolution of 1848: This revolution was a series of uprisings against the German princes and kings, who at that time held absolute power. The revolutionaries wanted to establish a unified, democratic Germany. However, the revolution was ultimately unsuccessful and the princes remained in power.
- The Paris Commune of 1871: This was a radical socialist and anarchist movement that briefly took control of Paris. The Commune was suppressed by the French government and thousands of Communards were killed.