- Japanese Americans: After the attack on Pearl Harbor in December 1941, over 120,000 Japanese Americans, both citizens and non-citizens, living on the West Coast were forcibly removed from their homes and interned in ten remote and heavily guarded concentration camps or "War Relocation Centers" scattered throughout the inland western states, mostly in California and Arizona. The vast majority of Japanese Americans had no connection to the Japanese government and were American citizens. Internment lasted until the end of World War II in 1945, when the camps were closed and Japanese Americans were allowed to return to their homes. Although the Supreme Court ruled the internment to be unconstitutional in 1944, the U.S. government did not formally apologize for and provide compensation to Japanese Americans until 1988, as part of the Civil Liberties Act of 1988.
- German Americans: German Americans faced discrimination and hostility during the war, particularly after the U.S. entered the conflict in 1941. Many German Americans were subjected to surveillance, suspicion, and harassment, and some were even interned in detention camps. Anti-German sentiment led to the banning of German-language newspapers, the censorship of German-language books, and the removal of German-language street names.